Probably the most common PLC (in Europe at least) is the Siemens S7 PLC’s. They can be programmed with Structured Text and you can start already now with the Siemens S7-1200 Starter Kit, which is also a great kit to get you introduced to the Siemens PLC environment. Don’t forget to check out my reviews of the best PLC programming courses. Statement List (STL) Cheat Sheets; If you are a Siemens PLC user then you've more then likely have run into Statement List (STL) programming; STL corresponds to the Instruction List language defined in the IEC 61131-3 specification; The programming is done with very simple mnemonics that can be hard to remember if you don't use it very often.
- Siemens Stl Cheat Sheet Download
- Siemens Scl Programming Manual
- Plc Structured Text Cheat Sheet
- Siemens Stl Cheat Sheet 2020
CNC G codes
G00 - Positioning at rapid speed; Mill and Lathe
G01 - Linear interpolation (machining a straight line); Mill and Lathe
G02 - Circular interpolation clockwise (machining arcs); Mill and Lathe
G03 - Circular interpolation, counter clockwise; Mill and Lathe
G04 - Mill and Lathe, Dwell
G09 - Mill and Lathe, Exact stop
G10 - Setting offsets in the program; Mill and Lathe
G12 - Circular pocket milling, clockwise; Mill
G13 - Circular pocket milling, counterclockwise; Mill
G17 - X-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G18 - Z-X plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G19 - Z-Y plane for arc machining; Mill and Lathe with live tooling
G20 - Inch units; Mill and Lathe
G21 - Metric units; Mill and Lathe
G27 - Reference return check; Mill and Lathe
G28 - Automatic return through reference point; Mill and Lathe
G29 - Move to location through reference point; Mill and Lathe (slightly different for each machine)
G31 - Skip function; Mill and Lathe
G32 - Thread cutting; Lathe
G33 - Thread cutting; Mill
G40 - Cancel diameter offset; Mill. Cancel tool nose offset; Lathe
G41 - Cutter compensation left; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation left; Lathe
G42 - Cutter compensation right; Mill. Tool nose radius compensation right; Lathe
G43 - Tool length compensation; Mill
G44 - Tool length compensation cancel; Mill (sometimes G49)
G50 - Set coordinate system and maximum RPM; Lathe
G52 - Local coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G53 - Machine coordinate system setting; Mill and Lathe
G54~G59 - Workpiece coordinate system settings #1 t0 #6; Mill and Lathe
G61 - Exact stop check; Mill and Lathe
G65 - Custom macro call; Mill and Lathe
G70 - Finish cycle; Lathe
G71 - Rough turning cycle; Lathe
G72 - Rough facing cycle; Lathe
G73 - Irregular rough turning cycle; Lathe
G73 - Chip break drilling cycle; Mill
G74 - Left hand tapping; Mill
G74 - Face grooving or chip break drilling; Lathe
G75 - OD groove pecking; Lathe
G76 - Fine boring cycle; Mill
G76 - Threading cycle; Lathe
G80 - Cancel cycles; Mill and Lathe
G81 - Drill cycle; Mill and Lathe
G82 - Drill cycle with dwell; Mill
G83 - Peck drilling cycle; Mill
G84 - Tapping cycle; Mill and Lathe
G85 - Bore in, bore out; Mill and Lathe
G86 - Bore in, rapid out; Mill and Lathe
G87 - Back boring cycle; Mill
G90 - Absolute programming
G91 - Incremental programming
G92 - Reposition origin point; Mill
G92 - Thread cutting cycle; Lathe
G94 - Per minute feed; Mill
G95 - Per revolution feed; Mill
G96 - Constant surface speed control; Lathe
G97 - Constant surface speed cancel
G98 - Per minute feed; Lathe
G99 - Per revolution feed; Lathe
Siemens Stl Cheat Sheet Download
CNC M Codes
M00 - Program stop; Mill and Lathe
M01 - Optional program stop; Lathe and Mill
M02 - Program end; Lathe and Mill
M03 - Spindle on clockwise; Lathe and Mill
M04 - Spindle on counterclockwise; Lathe and Mill
M05 - Spindle off; Lathe and Mill
M06 - Toolchange; Mill
M08 - Coolant on; Lathe and Mill
M09 - Coolant off; Lathe and Mill
M10 - Chuck or rotary table clamp; Lathe and Mill
M11 - Chuck or rotary table clamp off; Lathe and Mill
M19 - Orient spindle; Lathe and Mill
M30 - Program end, return to start; Lathe and Mill
M97 - Local sub-routine call; Lathe and Mill
M98 - Sub-program call; Lathe and Mill
M99 - End of sub program; Lathe and Mill
A programmable logic controller (PLC), also referred to as a programmable controller, is the name given to a type of computer commonly used in commercial and industrial control applications.
PLCs differ from office computers in the types of tasks that they perform, and the hardware and software they require to perform these tasks. While the specific applications vary widely, all PLCs monitor inputs and other variable values, make decisions based on a stored program, and control outputs to automate a process or machine.
The basic elements of a PLC include input modules or points, a central processing unit (CPU), output modules or points, and a programming device. The type of the input modules or points used by a PLC depends upon the types of the input devices used. Some input modules or points respond to digital inputs, also called discrete inputs, which are either on or off. Other modules or inputs respond to analog signals.
These analog signals represent machine or process conditions as a range of voltage or current values. The primary function of a PLC’s input circuitry is to convert the signals provided by these various switches and sensors into logic signals that can be used by the CPU. The CPU evaluates the statuses of the inputs, outputs, and other variables as it executes a stored program. The CPU then sends signals to update the status of the outputs.
The output modules convert the control signals from the CPU into digital or analog values that can be used to control various output devices. The programming device is used to enter and change the PLC’s program, to monitor and change the stored values. Once entered, the program and associated variables are stored in the CPU. In addition to these basic elements, a PLC system may also incorporate an operator interface device of some sort to simplify monitoring of the machine or process.
Hard-Wired Control
Prior to PLCs, many control tasks were performed by contactors, control relays and other electromechanical devices. This is often referred to as hard-wired control.
Circuit diagrams had to be designed, electrical components specified and installed, and wiring lists created. Electricians would then wire the necessary components to perform a specific task. If an error was made, the wires had to be reconnected correctly. A change in function or system expansion required extensive component changes and rewiring. SIMATIC software is the universal configuring and programming environment for SIMATIC controllers, human machine interface systems and process control systems. SIMATIC software with STEP 7 and numerous engineering tools supports all phases of product deployment, from hardware configuration of the system and parameterization of modules to service of the installed system. PLC programming can be done also with the help of Simatic Manager, which provides the possibility to write programs in three programming languages:
Ladder logic (LAD) is one programming language used with PLCs. Ladder logic incorporates programming functions that are graphically displayed to resemble the symbols used in hard-wired control diagrams.
Statement List (STL) – list of instructions. This editor allows you to create a program by entering the mnemonic commands. In this editor you can create programs that can not be created in the LAD and FBD editor. Programming in STL is very similar to the assembler language, but it’s more specific.
Siemens Scl Programming Manual
Function Block Diagram (FBD) – functional block diagram. This editor displays the program in the form of conventional logic circuits. There are no contacts, but there are equivalent functional units. This editor doesn’t use the term “power flow”, as in the LAD, it expresses a similar concept of the control flow through the FBD logic blocks.
Motor Starter Example
This example will show the practical aspect of programming in Step 7 with a real, existing part of a system. A motor starter coil (M) is wired in series with a normally open, momentary Start push-button, a normally closed, momentary Stop push-button, and normally closed overload relay (OL) contacts.
PLC Motor Control
The motor control application can also be accomplished with a PLC. In the following example, a normally open Start push-button is wired to the first input (I0.0), a normally closed Stop push-button is wired to the second input (I0.1), and a normally closed overload relay contacts (part of the motor starter) are connected to the third input (I0.2). These inputs are used to control normally open contacts in a line of ladder logic programmed into the PLC.
Initially, I0.1 status bit is a logic 1 because the normally closed (NC) Stop push-button is closed. I0.2 status bit is a logic 1 because the normally closed (NC) overload relay (OL) contacts are closed. I0.0 status bit is a logic 0, however, because the normally open Start push-button has not been pressed.
Normally the open output Q0.0 contact is also programmed on Network 1 as a sealing contact. With this simple network, energizing the output coil Q0.0 is required to turn on the motor. When the Start push-button is pressed, the CPU receives a logic 1 from input I0.0. This causes the I0.0 contact to close. All three inputs are now a logic 1. The CPU sends a logic 1 to the Q0.0 output. The motor starter is energized and the motor starts.
The output status bit for Q0.0 is now equal to 1. On the next scan, when the normally open contact Q0.0 is solved, the contact will close, and the output Q0.0 will stay on, even if the Start push-button is released.
When the Stop push-button is pressed, the input I0.1 turns off, the I0.1 contact opens, the output coil Q0.0 de-energizes and the motor turns off.
Advantages of PLCs
PLCs are not only capable of performing the same tasks as hard-wired control, but are also capable of covering a larger array of complex applications. In addition, the PLC program and electronic communication lines replace much of the interconnecting wires required by hardwired control.
Therefore, hard-wiring, though still required to connect the field devices, is less intensive, that’s why correcting the errors and modifying the application is much easier.
Here are the main advantages of the PLCs:
Plc Structured Text Cheat Sheet
- Smaller physical size than the hard-wire solutions;
- Easier and faster to make changes;
- PLCs have integrated diagnostics and override functions;
- Diagnostics are centrally available;
- Applications can be immediately documented;
- Applications can be duplicated faster and less expensively.
Siemens Stl Cheat Sheet 2020
Evghenii
PLC Engineer